Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

clinical Laboratory Improvement Act - Assignment ExampleThis information is then used to assess the diligents condition, mention an illness, as well as impair, prevent or treat a disease.CLIA certified laboratories work in conjunction with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a means to assure that Medicare payments meet the standards and cost guidelines set by the appropriate government agency. While CLIA is a mandatory component of Medicare, it applies to all providers rendering clinical laboratory services, whether or not Medicare claims are filed (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2006, p.2). In addition, CLIA has provisions for an accreditation process as well as an educational procedure. In this way, NGOs, state, and federal agencies can get into in an ongoing review conducted by CMS, the center for all services.Numerous tests hurt been waived by th e CMS as so simple and accurate that there is little risk of error even if the test is performed incorrectly (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2006, p.2). Facilities that privation to perform waived tests moldiness pay a $150 biennial fee and must apply for a Certificate of Waiver. These laboratories are not routinely inspected however they may be inspected as part of a complaint investigation or on a random basis to determine whether or not only waived tests are being performed (CLIA waived and PPM tests defined, 2009). In addition, the tests pose no reason fit risk of harm to the patient if the test is performed incorrectly and/or are cleared by the Food and Drug Administration for kin use (CLIA waived and PPM tests defined, 2009). The original hark contained eight waived tests, but recently the list has been significantly expanded. Tests that are CLIA waived embarrass ovulation tests that make use of visual color comparisons (Is the Test You Need CLIA Waived, 2009) . This would embroil home pregnancy tests. The list also includes blood glucose using FDA-cleared monitoring instruments, which are the automated testing devices often used by diabetics to monitor their blood sugar level (Is the Test You Need CLIA Waived, 2009). In all events, tests, and devices, the user must strictly adhere to the manufactures instructions in regards to the use, reading, and interpretation of the results. If a test is not currently listed, the manufacturing business of the test would have to apply for a certification of waiver from CMS (Is the Test You Need CLIA Waived, 2009). In this way, CLIA is able to stay abreast of new technologies and medical advancements.3.) What are the other levels of laboratory services and what is the process to have your lab certifiedTest methods are categorized into three distinct levels based on the complexity of the method. There is the Waived Complexity Level, which requires no regular inspection. In addition, there is the Moder ate/High Complexity level, which requires the mendelevium or laboratory to complete an Application for Certification. The comprehensive application includes a description of laboratory to include name and number of tests performed annually, methodologies for each test, and personnel qualifications (Moderate Complexity Testing Overview, 2004). In addition, the

The Effect of Video Modeling on Childrens Academic Performance and Essay

The Effect of Video Modeling on Childrens donnish Performance and Social Behavior - Essay Examplermines whether they are going to use and carry those battleful motives socially and academically later in life, and whether the level of exposure to violent media tends to increase or accrue child aggression. Previous research has shown that children watch adults, peers, and the media to learn how to behave. However, there remains an important gap in research such that it does not address whether the negative modeling of furiousness has an impact on childrens academic and social behavior. Therefore, the purpose of the proposed study is to explore childrens exposure to violent media and how it may view their academic behavior in school. Participants will include 47 randolmly selected girls and boys ranging in age from 3 to 10 years old. A 3 day study will be conducted to determine if viewing violence has an impact on childrens social behavior and academic performance. Findings from th is research will help polish off the understanding of how aggressive and academic behaviors are related. This study contributes to previous research on modeling set up on children in their social environment. This is an important contribution to the existing literature and may serve to elevate social change initiatives through allowing parents, caregivers and teachers to better understand how violent media may affect children and methods available to discipline potential aggressive behaviors in the face of exposure to violent video media.I would like to put this thesis to my husband, 3 children, and my parents. They have always stood behind me as I have tried to accomplish my dreams in life Thank you for all you have done and continue to do I bonk you allA special thank you goes out to the school administrators and educators highlighted in this study for their overwhelming assistance in carrying out this important research topic. You know who you are. Without your help, this study would not have been possible. Thus, for your professionalism, courtesy, and encouragement, I

Strategic Assessment of Wal-Mart for an ITM class Essay

Strategic Assessment of Wal-Mart for an ITM class - Essay ExampleMany others are of the sight that the current problems were because of Wal-Marts failure to incorporate state-of-the-art IS/IT technologies in its operations. Being a business applied science consultant hired by Wal-Mart, I do believe that Wal-Mart is in trouble mainly because of its failure to incorporate suitable IS/IT technologies in its activities.Offline businesses are currently giving way for online businesses or e-commerce. It is important for Wal-Mart to kick down more attention to online businesses. Wal-Mart has assembled a team of 70 developers, computer engineers and researchers dubbed WalmartLabs in an aggressive attempt to baffle itself at the forefront of social and mobile commerce (Wal-Mart The Next Tech Giant?). However, its e-commerce platform salvage needs more fine tuning to attract more visitors. Just like Amazon and Google, it is improve for Wal-Mart to enter into the search engine busines s so that it can expand its business portfolios as thoroughly as enhance its retail business.Shopperception is a new IT related technology evolved out in young times to check the consumer behaviours and buying habits. Shopperception recognizes the customers when they check-in and it remembers previous buying habits and can predict what the customer is credibly to want on this visit (Israel). Wal-Mart should use this technology extensively in its retail outlets to help the consumers.The Wal-Mart network, connecting more than 2,400 stores and 100 distribution centers worldwide. At Wal-Mart, we dont implement technology for its own sake, says David Flanagin, Director of Network Engineering (The Wal-Mart Story, p.1). From the course of David, it is evident that Wal-Mart is not much keen in using technologies to improve the efficiency of its global activities. It should be noted that efficient working of a supply chain is necessary for Wal-Mart to

How Sergio Leone Influenced Filmmaking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How Sergio Leone Influenced Filmmaking - Essay Example9 V. Criticisms 11-12 A. Critics against Leone..11 B. Sergios fills the positive dimension...11 VI. Conclusion. 13 References.. 14 Abstract Using moving images to emote serviceman emotions like love, fear, birth, death and other living sentiments on screen, to present before the audience the experiences they feel in their own lives is the essence cinema. There are other mediums to reach out to the audience like puppetry, theaters and fun just with time and technology the celluloid world of cinema is definitely on the lead. There were many phases in use up making like the era of silent films, Eastman color films etc. One such(prenominal) significant phase was the American westerns that led to the beginning of the Spaghetti Western genre of films. Spaghetti Westerns were popular all all over the globe like Europe, USA, parts of Asia and Africa (Jones, 43). Sergio Leone was a master of such film making. Leone was not the inven tor of spaghetti films but he made classic movies using it. With this sub genre of film making Sergio Leone took the style of film making to new heights. However, Sergios style is often disputed by critics on its originality. Nevertheless, Sergios parting to film making remains undisputed as his style is quoted by many modern solar day film makers like Quentin Tarantino and Martin Scorsese. Introduction In the early forties, film making in Italy was in scummy shape because of the ongoing world wars (Karg, Van Over and Sutherland, 14). The films made were basically made to spread anti war sentiments and for political propagation. Post war In Italy during the 40s and 50s, films were made to depict the change in military personnel psyche. This was known as the period of neorealism. It dealt with everyday conditions of poverty, death and defeat (Italian neorealism, n.d). The Italian film industry began to describe reforms with the beginning of American western genre films popularly k nown as the Spaghetti Westerns during 1970s mastered by Sergio Leone. It was a departure from the usual sword-and-sandal epic films (Heifetz Stricke, 1). Sergios spaghetti films were successful in Italy because of their differences from the classical westerns films (Bondanella, 255). There were clean-cut features like the identification of the central character was always kept hidden, women being used only as widows or were completely absent, equal level of violence enacted by all characters and a hint of one-sided humor. These films were made in Italian studios and had American and other actors (Traina, 1). Films made by Leone were narrative, artistic, and had other conventions. His films revived the vocation of many aging Hollywood actors and saved Cinecitta which was almost shut down because of the failure of Hollywood movies (Film serial/ Events). Sergio Leone made remarkable influence in modern European cinema by changing the ensample of traditional Hollywood motion pictur es. Leone introduced many new concepts in film making through the Spaghetti Westerns. He was notable for many special cinematic features like taking close ups of the actors to make the emotion calculate more realistic and convincing. Spaghetti Westerns films used the dry locales in Spain instead of presenting conventional themes. Sergio collaborated with Ennio Morricone while developing the film scores

Reflection Paper Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection Paper - Thesis ExampleBasically, the nature of transmission line aspiration within the market is very complex in the sense that the business owner is required to plenitude not only with the specific needs and wants of their target customers but also play close maintenance to the business strategy that each business competitor is using in the market (Brandenburger and Nalebuff). As hotshot of the principles of game theory, business owners should keep in mind the saying that to every action, there is a reception (Brandenburger and Nalebuff 58). It simply means that whatever decision the business owner makes would definitely affect something or someone. deep down this context, major business decision could either directly or indirectly affect the customers, suppliers, or their business partners.To earn profit, the business managers should be able to satisfy the specific needs and wants of their target customers. By doing so, brisk customers would stay loyal to the bra nd. To grab a bigger share in the market, the business owner should halt a more complex business strategy. Aside from examining the product quality, design, and market price offered by otherwise similar companies, the business manager should take it as a challenge to develop new ship canal on how they can crap competitive advantage as compared to their close market competitors (Brandenburger and Nalebuff McGahan Ohmae).In general, the elements fag a successful business or competitive strategy is not limited to the creation of a competitive advantage but also the ability of the corporate managers to position the brand in the market, to create a vision which can be used to guide the rest of the employees to work towards a bingle organizational goal, the need to create and set specific business goals, and the development of business activities that can assistant create more value to the brand (McGahan Ohmae). To increase the chances wherein the

The relationship between asthma medications and periodontal disease Essay

The relationship amid asthma medications and periodontic disease - Essay ExampleHerein, the reasons unhealthy patients are more prone to gum disease will be discussed. As well, what asthmatics fag do to help prevent tooth and gum crumple will be a source of study.Periodontitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the periodontal tissues, leading to tissue destruction, bone resorption, attachment loss, and, in some cases, tooth loss (Saver, Hujoel, Cunha-Cruz, and Maupome, 2007). Asthma, on the other hand, is a common take a breath disorder, especially in the industrialized part of the world (Sulssa and Ernst, 2001). When asthma episodes, or attacks occur, many patients swan on the use of handheld inhalers, which deliver a corticosteroid medication from the mouth, into the airway. The inhalation of the corticosteroid causes a dilatation, allowing for more air to pass into the lungs. It would seem, then, that gum disease and asthma are unrelated, only if the life-sa ving corticosteroid could, in fact, have a negative impact on oral health.Nebraska dentist Dan Peterson devotes a website to, in part, the link between asthma medication and periodontitis. In his section Oral Health Changes in singular with Asthma, it is written that asthmatic patients have an increased rate of caries. Many things cause dental caries, or cavities, but asthma inhalers usually contain sugar, which is a culprit in tooth downslope. The website to a fault lists the problems of reduced salivary rate of flow due to inhaler use and increased prevalence of oral tissue changes as other reasons that asthmatic face mouth trouble. Dry mouth, also called xerostomia, can be caused by inhaler use. It is problematic because it causes tooth decay and gum disease and makes you more vulnerable to inflammation (Schaaf and Higbee, 1993). An article in Harvard Womens Health Watch adds, persistent xerostomia is a serious and often uncomfortable condition that can jeopardize oral health . It makes have and swallowing difficult, causes bad breath, and may irritate mouth tissues, leaving them more vulnerable to infection. The article goes on to explain that inhalers can cause a reduction in saliva. The moisture of saliva is absolutely necessary. Its decrease, which can also be caused by painkillers, blood pressure medications, antidepressants, etc., is cause for concern. Advice is offered to combat dry mouth. The article offers that over-the-counter(a) products that increase saliva production are one way to go. It also suggests trying to drink carve up of water, limiting sugar intake, and chewing sugar-free gum. Avoiding dehydrating habits like drinking alcohol, smoking, or consuming caffeine might also help when the use of inhalers make xerostomia a problem.Inhalers arent perfect, but they are necessary. Sustained use of inhaled corticosteroids reduces the hazard of severe exacerbations requiring hospitalization as well as death from asthma and therefore provide s a elemental and effective tool by which to eliminate major adverse events for patients with this common disorder (Suissa and Ernst, 2001). Since asthmatics cant ignore breathing problems for fear of gum disease, advice is offered for sustained good oral health. Petersons website suggests frequent dental check-ups and cleanings. It also suggests fluoride treatments, a congruous at-home routine, the

Should Games be Used for Education Purposes in the Classroom Research Paper

Should Games be Used for Education Purposes in the Classroom - Research Paper lessonToday, educators are faced with varied alternatives on the method of teaching students. One such alternative is the phthisis up of word-painting games in the learning dish out of a child. This paper go away discuss the both the advantages and discriminates of victimization video games for education purposes with the view in mind of coming to a conclusion as to whether or non games should be used for education in the classroom. According to Munoz, Kevitt and Lunney, unlike the traditional tutoring which depends on the affair taught and the knowledge and experience of the lecturer, educational games and virtual learning environments (VLEs), give the students the topic which they need to learn and at the same time they are fitted to attain the skills needed to manage the VLEs (Munoz, McKevitt and Lunney 2). They went on further to range that whereas traditional learning poses a problem in adap tability to the pace of each student VLEs are able to adjust easily to each students pace. Bouchaut, Cig, et al concluded that VLEs enriches a students education because of its potential benefits in engagement, attitude, and learning intensity as well as increased collaboration, rose-cheeked competition, and detailed learning discussions (Bouchaut, Cig and Dekker 9). Moreover, they stated that the virtual world will help transform the classroom into a vibrant, energetic, and crucially learning focused place where students will actually want to learn more (9). ... Having discussed the benefits gained from employ VLEs, it is important to also look at the other side of the coin. A major drawback presented by critics of video games being used in education is the possibility that students might get too consumed by the games, thereby losing track of the real purpose which is to educate. Some even fear that it may cause addiction among students which will result in more time spent in fro nt of the computer (Bakar, Inal and Kagiltay 2). Another disadvantage of using video games in teaching is that not all games are appropriate to the learning process (Bakar, Inal and Kagiltay 5). The probability of a mismatch between the game content and the educational curriculum exists (Munoz, McKevitt and Lunney 4). Appropriateness is not only concerned with the subject being taught. It is also concerned with the grade level of the students where the games will be used. Proponents of using video games say that its use increases motivation among students but this point is contradicted by other educators who entrust that it may also lead to problems in motivation because students have different likes and preferences (Bakar, Inal and Kagiltay 5). What may be a motivator for one student may turn out to be boring for another. The financial issues wedded to using video games in the classroom are also major concerns of most schools. If they decide to use the VLEs, a huge part of their budget will have to be invested in computer systems which ass accommodate the latest software available. Training of teachers is also inevitable which means additional costs for the schools. To unaired ones eyes to the existence and usefulness of video games in the education of the current shave of students is

Religion in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religion in America - Essay ExampleA well-documented example is women who would not marry again following the death of their husband. Choosing to be a single woman was considered by the Puritans to be disregarding Gods will. These women were looked upon suspiciously and this choice heightened the chance that they would be accuse of being a witch. Many of the rights and freedoms enjoyed by women today were brought about by women recognized for their courage and their talent to stand up for their gender such as Mary Wollstonecraft, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Queen Victoria. However, there were many women have-to doe with in these early migrations to the new continent who held many of the traditional concepts regarding womens true proper throw in in society without sacrificing their concepts of strength within the home. One of these women was Anne Hutchinson who brought the ideals of her modified belief system into the new adult male and helped establish a community that continues to survive today.Hutchinson began her life in England and traveled through Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Netherlands, at once the Bronx in New York before being killed there by Indians in one of the many disputes among natives and settlers that occurred during that time. She was baptized as Anne Marbury in Alford, Lincolnshire, England on July 20, 1591 as a ministers daughter, but her mystify always had questions about the church.1 Uncharacteristically, Anne was given a decent education and was permitted to reach a more arise age for marriage, not marrying William (Will) Hutchinson until she was 21. Throughout this period in England, Anne and her family had been following the teachings of John Cotton, whose views were strongly similar to those of Annes father, both of them taking exception with the structure of the churchs hierarchical configuration.2 Cotton was forced to chip in England by the persecution of the Church of England authorities in 1633 and departed for

Leadership Development and Self Awareness Research Paper

Leadership Development and Self Awareness - question Paper ExampleThis paper highlightsthe Armys existing Army curriculum pushes the most multilateral subjects to the final stages of a soldiers learning travel. As a result, only some soldiers commove an opportunity of expanding their intellectual limits through creative and critical thinking before their field grade experience. Doing business, in such a manner, denies junior level soldiers the opportunity to develop the necessary skills required to excel in the leadership area. The Army has to promote superior learning opportunities to a young soldiers career in order to develop the essential leadership skills needed to manage the 21st deoxycytidine monophosphate warfare scenery.From the discussion it is clear thatthe education and evaluation methodologies should be modified to replicate the complexities of the current operating purlieu to encourage a change in the career progression of leaders equipped for the 21st century wa rfare. In order to achieve this, the Army should adjust its leader development systems to identify and promote strategical thinking before it is too late.The Army education system plays a vital role in creating strategic leaders for the logical challenges they might encounter against an equally resolute enemy. However, it does not stress untold on the essential factors of creating able leaders who will lead the Army for many generations to come.Strategic leadership education should offer soldiers options regarding how they might proceed decisively to overcome adversaries that know no limitations or regulations of war.

Week9 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Week9 - Assignment ExampleIn Communist Russia, with the new policy of Dictator Stalin to abolish religion in state, quite a little faced a similar scenario when all of their religious landmarks and praying centres were destroyed. Similarly, in terms of political aspects, there are divisions found in societies because of a difference of opinion and support over a matter of support of political political party and even on formats of governance. Social aspects such as the difference of interactions and sharing of opinions also cause cornering of families and selected people among societies (Rees, 2004).Economic statures also have had impact on social gatherings of societies, as a rift is created among individuals of societies who last to a separate economic standard. Lastly, cultural aspects also create hostile situations, as people of variant backgrounds interact with only each other and are subject to racial stereotypes, which cause aggressive doings at an individual level. With these aspects, societies are subject to hostile rifts that result in dangerous outcomes at times, which essential be controlled by government policy

The Trial by Jury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Trial by Jury - screen ExampleThrough the device of peremptory challenge which has been allowed in the selection of jurors, it has become possible for the defense force or the prosecution to manipulate the composition of the gore to suit their own purposes and further the verdict they seek to achieve, thereby making a mockery of the impartiality and dependability of the judicial process, which works to uncover the facts ring a case from an unbiased perspective and through an application of the law by honest, fair and straightforward jurors. Therefore, unless a pure jury system is reintroduced, the truth could be obscured or manipulated through the devices mentioned above and it may become necessary for a judge to adopt a more inquisitorial role to analyse deeper to discover the truth.One of the first aspects that belie the impartiality of the pure jury trial process lies in the terms on indictment in Article 80 of the Constitution, whereby the jury trial may be precluded altogether through Parliament authorizing summary proceedings for any offense. Fricke illustrates the merits of the pure jury system that was equal to acquit 13 diggers who were accused of treason in the Eureka trials, thus illustrating the power of the democratic jury trial process in upholding the popular perspective over the official establishment view. But the flexible of the pure jury trial process may be noted in Justice Wrights criticism of the existing jury trial system on the basis that juries deliver wrong verdicts because they essentially consist of amateurs who are easily influenced and manipulated by clever counsels. Hence it may be necessary for adjudicate themselves step in and uncover the truth which the jury may not be able to successfully achieve. The case of R v Laws also points out the dangers in using juries who may divulge nurture about jury deliberations before the verdict is reached in a case.

FMLA (DB4) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FMLA (DB4) - Essay ExampleTherefore, taking care for a newborn, a serious health condition, and any qualifying emergency arising out of the fact that the employees family.In addition, the eligible staffs are entitled to 26 weeweeks of contribute per annum. This is to care for a covered service fraction with a serious illness or injury. Not every employee is eligible because working does not infallible means that the worker is protected for extended word of farewell under the FMLA. Organizations should put consideration and believe that the FMLA is a helpful law that has aided workforces reasonably well. Although employees often articulated a desire for greater leave powers, employers frequently expressed frustration about problems in preserving the required staffing levels and managing attendance in their workplaces. Mostly, when employees take work leave on an unscheduled basis with no advance notice (Washington, DC 2014).For instance, the RFI Report indicated that time-sensiti ve companies, for example, earth health, transportation operations, and safety operations might be especially impacted by employees taking unintended and irregular FMLA leave. If a worker is having a very difficult pregnancy, and advised by a affect to take off time before delivering the baby FMLA Act covers her. Any pregnancy-related leave that is medically needed one is eligible to take a leave under the FMLA she can do so at the time it is medically necessary, intermittently or all at once. Secondly, when the employees are adopting a child, they are permitted to leave under the FMLA, and are paid. Like biological parents, adoptive and foster parents who are entitled to FMLA leave whitethorn take up to 12 weeks of leave. In order, to help the worker to care for her child when he or she arrives as part of the adoption (Washington, DC 2014). This also applies to a child for whom you recently assumed maternal(p) responsibilities such as a foster child.Washington, DC 20009, Quest ions and Answers. (2014).

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 141

Discussion - Essay ExampleIt comprises of both the internal and external attributes of the business. Selecting rig as an indicator demonstrates to the customers that the firm values environmental, economic and social development. It also illustrates that coca-Cola considers product safety and the ever-changing customer demands. Hence, reporting on the firms output and giving the consumers a chance to contribute towards the same improves Coca Colas public image (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor, 2014).Customers behavior is an indicator of satisfaction or the reverse. Incorporating it gives Coca Cola an opportunity to weed the products progress. A dissatisfied consumer base is an indication that the firm should invest in product innovation. It also enables efficient marketing and formulation of pricing mechanisms. Therefore, observing customer behaviors through comments, photos guides policy formulation and organizational culture.A customers attitude can result in either high profits or loss to the business. A bad attitude lowers the profit margin while a positive attitude enhances sales. Therefore, taking into precondition the customers attitudes gives Coca-Cola a competitive edge. It also facilitates product awareness across the globe (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor,

Leadership Matrix and Decision Making Assignment

Leadership Matrix and Decision Making - Assignment Example sound judgment of leadership by dint of decision-making ability is a complex and sensitive answerivity, which can be done through distract questioning and drawing leaders viewpoints and plans of action in different scenarios.Following is a unbending of questions with all possible answers/options that different leaders may choose with respect to areas requiring critical decision making such as delegation of authority, involving collection members in a decision-making surgery, and focus on driving results.establish on these questions and the matrix, leaders scoring highest on option-a ( untouchablely agree) can be termed as effective decision makers. These leaders receive good people management skills they motivate people through involvement in the decision-making process they create accountability for decisions made. These leaders maintain the integrity and set the right example to the group members by doing the right t hing.Servant leadership is more of service than of leadership itself. Such leaders are act to people through their work, and fully accept their responsibility and accountability for their job. These leaders tend to be extremely transparent in their views, possess great willingness to learn, and possess the high sense of honesty and integrity. These leaders look on the differences that may exist and work in collaboration with the group. These leaders work proactively towards their vision. Servant leaders possess the insight and ability to make important decisions, allocate resources and decision making authority by empowering others to act for the betterment of people and the organization. Their focus on relationships helps them gain the better understanding of their people, which in turn ensures appropriate empowerment. These leaders are self-motivated, and they bring a lot of emotions in their surroundings to build a strong team for the organization.Servant leaders believe in in clusive working style, i.e. they involve other members of the group in critical areas of work.

The things we seen- hazardous materials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The things we seen- hazardous materials - Essay guinea pigThe article presents with four incidents associated with the lack of knowledge regarding waste organization which could have been safely avoided if proper regulations and methods were diligent in the first place. The article provides for many important suggestions for the Emergency Responders which need to be interpreted assist of when an incident of toxic material disposal comes up. It indicates the fact that an Emergency Responder should have adequate reading regarding the different toxic materials and the methods that may be employed for their disposal. This is because incorrect techniques can result in dangerous consequences. Proper equipment with the Emergency Responders is also important which include remote drum openers as well as effective apparatus for the checking of the hazardous contents at the sites. The knowledge regarding the mixing of different chemicals should also be known along with the reactions caused by different hazardous substances so that essential decisions can be taken by the Emergency Responder at the site of the incidents. The article reports of four different cases where inappropriate methods of disposal were used.

Understanding Young Children Essay Example for Free

Understanding Young Children EssayDescribe the features / principles / characteristics a instructor should drive in her / his role of programing a high-quality early squirthood environment and materials selection? How a schoolroom design / set-up can influence childrens growth, miens, and encyclopaedism? Why a attainment centers approach to classroom design is a professionally defined best practice for teachers of early learners? Understanding Young Children appriseers hold to understand the nature and characteristics of the learners in social club to devise acquisition materials and strategies eliminate to the learners abilities and cheer (Krogh and Slentz 11). In order to realize this, teachers mustiness have a solid grasp on the universal principles underpinning the cognitive, social, physical, and emotional increase of the junior learners. As well, teachers should possess thought on the roles of the values, culture and history of family and community in the growth and attainment of both child. Nevertheless, teachers should be aw ar on the behavi ad-lib characteristics of the learners in the classroom. With the teachers consciousness in all these areas, he or she can formulate effective and efficient plans to assess childrens progress and their involvement in meaningful accomplishment experiences.Promoting Child Development and nurture With the teachers good understanding on the nature and characteristics on his or her learners, he or she can physically, socially, and emotionally structure the learning environment in order to support childrens learning and development (Krogh and Slentz 11). In connection to this, teachers should appreciate the significance of play in the different aspects of the learners development. They should integrate play in the learning activities of children and explain its importance to colleagues, administrators, and parents.In addition, teachers should promote physical growth and health by providing health and hygienics education, employing fine-and-gross motor activities, and encouraging movement and rest. On the other hand, teachers should inculcate the value of rules, group learning, and behavioral expectations in order to foster social development (Krogh and Slentz 12). They should too encourage assiduity, risk taking and independence among the learners so as to promote self-respect and emotional development.As well, teachers should plan for language learning activities, both oral and written, in order to support language acquisition. Nonetheless, teachers should provide adequate opportunities and resources in arousing childrens curiosity and persistence while engaging with peers in risk taking. Knowledge on the Integrated Curriculum Curriculum consolidation involves crossing different academic fudge factors in the design of learning activities which are meaningful, interesting, and relevant to children learning ardor and development (Krogh and Slentz 12).This multidisciplina ry approach requires intense organization of themes, topics, or concepts from mathematics, language, science, visual and performing arts, and social studies for a learning project. Topics from each core display cases will be drawn and interrelated to produce a single subject matter in such(prenominal) a way that upon presentation, learners would experience some sort of difficulties in classification out what academic subject is being presented (Krogh and Slentz 12).Yet, teacher should keep in mind that each discipline has its own concepts, integrity, and major ideas which exigencyed to smoothly be incorporated for the multidisciplinary learning project. Multiple Teaching strategies for significant learning As mentioned earlier, teachers must have a solid grasp on the learners growth and development, their interest and abilities, as well as the cultural and social influences which immediately shape the learning of the child. This intricate unavoidableness denotes the complexit y of an effective and efficient teaching.Teachers then must facilitate discussions, observe, ask questions, listen, properly intervene in every leaner activity, and carefully design and adapt learning materials to the learners consumes, interests, and abilities. For the effective implementation of every learning activity, teachers need to create the physical environment along with the learning materials conducive to learning. For instance, in learning beyond the typical range like a new language, environmental and curricular rearrangement is needed which may as well necessitate the assistance from the family or from the immediate caregiver of the child (Krogh and Slentz 12).Assessment and Reflective Practice Teachers need to evaluate the efficacy on their employed strategy in every subject matter presentation. They need to observe the effect of such in the learners social behavior and cognitive attri barelyes. In relation to this, teachers should go for various assessment tools i n evaluating instruction and learning. This may include standardized instrument, anecdotal records, observations, listening, and appropriate questions (Krogh and Slentz 12). Meanwhile, teachers should also reflect on the assessed outcome on their instruction.They must re-examine their subject matter presentation against their bases of decisions, possible biases, and social and cultural considerations (Krogh and Slentz 12). In addition, they must always be opened to innovation and self-renewal through unbroken learning. As such, teachers must seek means to attain professional advancement and keep abreast with the received theories and practices of effective teaching. Classroom Structure and Learning Learning environment can directly influence the learning of an idiosyncratic (Tomlinson, Stronge, and Cunningham-Eidson 11).Childhood years are period of growth and development where every individual is lull learning to control his or her behavior and practice environmental adaptatio n. Children are sensitive to environmental factors which directly affect their physical conditions (Tomlinson, Stronge, and Cunningham-Eidson 11). Thus, their attention to learning and participation to learning activities are also affected. Therefore, teacher should see to it that the classroom atmosphere, from lighting and ventilation to physical setting and audio-visual ambiance, is conducive to learning.Learning Centers Approach Learning Centers are natural approach in providing meaningful learning experiences to young learners (Diffily, Donaldson, and Sassman 5). Since children are curious and fond of interactions, the design of learning centers is aligned with their developmental attributes in order to create an organized and systematic learning environment. The learning materials in the centers like concrete objects and sit downs are carefully chosen and constructed for childrens manipulation and learning at their respective pace and developmental level.In addition, by worki ng and interactions in a small group, the young learners can learn not only the use of learning materials but also the sense of police squad work and socialization. Thus, the sense of responsibility and cooperation will eventually develop among the learners. Moreover, each learning center such as Art center, Science center, Mathematics center, Listening center, Dramatic-play center, Reading center, Music center and Writing Center, caters for the peculiar(prenominal) intelligences on the learners.Hence, these learning centers develop and enrich the holistic capability and potentiality of children. Define How and Describe the impressiveness A teachers knowledge of growth and developmental principles developmental characteristics is connected to the major teacher roles Child Development Specialist Foster of Childrens Early Learning Designer of an Appropriate Learning Environment Curriculum Designer Documenter.Education should provide for the inculcation of fundamental skills such as reading, writing, arithmetic, control of information, and development of traits. However, to be functional, instructions should include all-round guidance of the learner in fitting him or her for the successful participation in all phases of his present and future relationships (Tomlinson 31). Hence, every teacher should possess intensive understanding of the underlying principles of the childs being.In such way, the teachers can easily guide children in the discovery and utilization of their respective capacity and potentiality for the attainment of desirable growth and development. In particular, teachers must understand the childrens predictable sequence of growth and development so as to create a learning environment which supports the age appropriate education needs of the young learners. Also, since growth and development uniquely occurs among every child, the teacher should ensure the individual appropriateness of every learning activity.As the theory of denim Piaget sug gests, teachers should promote a unique-child centered learning experiences in order to develop the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social well-being of every child. Moreover, the works of Lev Vygotsky emphasized the role of language in socio-cultural and cognitive learning. Vygotsky suggested that through scaffolding, the learning of every individual can be accelerated. This can be done as by employing group works and interactions among the learners.As a child seeks assistance form the others who have similar zone of proximal development, the childs learning can be facilitated. Further, if education is growth, teachers must not only prepare children for school life, but also provide opportunities for life experiences inside the classroom. In connection to this, it is important that every child should be given the opportunity to participate in each learning activity which will provide appropriate challenge to his or her abilities.By keeping these in mind, he teacher can serve as an effective designer of curriculum and learning environment. Moreover, the knowledge on the growth and development of every child facilitates the teachers understanding of the learners social behavior (Tomlinson 32). Due to individual differences and social and cultural downplay of the young learners, it is impossible for a teacher to set up a pre-conceived standard or model in understanding the nature of every child.It is rather advisable to understand the childs behavior in terms of what the child is along with his or her family background. In doing so, the teacher can accurately chronicle the academic progress of the child in relation to the childs social and cultural background. industrial plant Cited Diffily, Deborah, Donaldson, Elizabeth, and Sassman, Charlotte. The Scholastic Book of Early Childhood Learning Centers Complete How-tos, Management Tips, Photos, and Activities for Delightful Learning Centers that Teach Early Reading, Writing, Math More.New York Scholastic, 2001. Krogh, Suzanne and Slentz, Kristine. Early Childhood Education Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Mahwah, New Jersey Erlbaum Associates, 2001. Tomlinson, Carol A. The separate Classroom Responding to the Needs of all Learners. Carolina ASCD, 1999. Tomlinson, Carol A. , Stronge, James, H. , and Cunningham-Eidson, Caroline. Differentiation in Practice A Resource select for Differentiating Curriculum. Carolina ASCD, 2003.

The Effects of Employment on Academic Performance Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Employment on schoolman Per degreeance EssayABSTRACTThis noesis get a lines factors that jar bookmans engaged in stipendiary transaction dapple translateing in a 3rd accountancy program in a regional Australian university. It examines the differences in take of interior(prenominal) and transnational schoolchilds. no(prenominal)direct operative kind was demonst point amid digesting(a) involution and schoolman functioning for the overall study sample. There was a arrogant blood bring amongst gainful occupation and pedantic deed with respect to domestic educatees. However, in the case of world(prenominal) bookmans a negative family race among compensable usage and pedantic sprain was observed. A strong verificatory birth amongst a shift engage pattern of gainful manipulation and pedantic mathematical process was found.The Effects of Employment on Academic Performance of Australian history scholarly persons1. Int roductionThis study makes a contribution to the literature identifying and examining the factors that impact schoolchild mental process in tertiary write up programs. Much of this existing literature is turn up within the United Kingdom and noth American institutions. Documented factors in these studies include the impact of gender, prior knowledge of bill, pedantic aptitude, mathematical background, previous flex experience, age, associate size and class attention.However, to a greater extent recently, observations of chronicle academics suggest a new factor to be examined in the Australian context, the socio-economic circumstances as represented by their need for paid employment of write up pupils. Anecdotal evidence suggests that in recent prison name more than than students be now do chokeing eon canvas, reducing the date available and quality of their efforts towards their business relationship system studies, for example many students miss or do no n prep atomic amount 18 for classes. University administrators wealthy person n angiotensin converting enzymed concern ab unwrap student engage patterns and student handiness to miss time on their studies and servingicipate in the university community disembodied spirit (Rudkin and De Zoysa 2007).The contribution of this paper is to examine the impact of paid employment circuitage studying on the academic performance of students in an accounting program in Australia. The impact is examined logical argumentiveiating amidst domestic and global accounting students. This dichotomy is pregnant because on that point is currently a large external student muniment in accounting programs in Australian universities driven by government immigration policy to address a skills shortage (Birrell and Rapson 2005).There is likewise a shortage in confrontation the demand for accounting graduates in the domestic assiduity cooccurring with a shift in the funding mechanisms for Au stralian domestic university students in recent course of instructions. The impact of the trade demand for a skilled workforce and the effects of existing student funding on work pickicipation requires outline. This paper investigates 2 aspects first whether thither is a relationship between paid employment and student performance, and secondly if there is a difference between the experiences of domestic and global students in paid employment and academic performance. Survey data of 170 enrolled students enrolled in a third course of instruction 12 credit point financial accounting subject at the University of Wollongong in the autumn session of 2006 was lay in for this study.2. Prior ResearchThere have been few studies set that examine the relationship between student participation in paid employment and their academic performance in a tertiary accounting program. There have been no studies set by the authors that examine the difference in employment on tertiary academic performance between domestic and international accounting students in Australia. Gul and Fong (1993) conducted a Hong Kong study on first division accounting students, and found predictors of academic achievement to be personality type, tier ups achieved at the school certificate in mathematics and accounting, and previous knowledge of accounting.A study by Wooten in 1998 examined 271 students taking introductory accounting at a major(ip) south-eastern American university of which there were 74 students identified as non- traditionalistic defined as aged 25 years or older, and 127 traditional students aged beneath 25 years. Wooten found that for the traditional cohort grade history, motivations and family responsibilities all influenced the amount of effort these students made. However, neither two-timing(a) activities nor work responsibilities influenced their effort.However for the non-traditional students, motivation was the plainly variable that importantly influenced effor t. Neither grade history nor cheating(a) activities, nor work responsibilities, nor family responsibilities had an effect on motivations. Family activities had a significant negative impact on effort for the traditional students, but non for the nontraditional students. It is conjectured by the authors of this paper that these differences in ages may also capture different socio-economic circumstances. Gose (1998) found an increase in the number of students employ over time, with 39% of students works 16 or more minute of arcs per week in 1998 comp bed with 35% working in 1993.Naser and Peel (1998) and Koh and Koh (1999) documented much search through with(p) on common predictive factors of academic performance in accounting courses, including gender, prior knowledge of accounting, academic aptitude, mathematical background, previous working experience, age, class size, lecturer attributes and student effort. However, they none the findings ar non definitive.An Australian study done by Dobson and Sharma (1999) examined the relationship between student performance and the toll of failure, noning both the human beings and the private dimensions to the cost of failure. Similarly the Australian study by Booth et al. (1999) examined factors that impact upon accounting student academic performance, but failed to incorporate a socio-economic dimension. Booth et al. (1999) used the Approaches to L put one overing paradigm from the command literature to investigate the skill approaches of accounting students from two Australian universities, as compargond to previously report data for Australian arts, education and science students. This study provided evidence that Australian accounting students tend to waste a superficial approach to learning typified sur formula learning such as rote memorization, term apply cut deep learning approaches than their counterparts in Australian arts, education and science studies. Whether this is due to work factors has not been investigated.Wijewardena and Rudkin (1999) undertook a study of students enrolled in a first year accounting program at a regional Australian university. They identified that students attendance at tutorial classes, the commitment of a major in accounting and a demonstrated interest in accounting correlate positively and significantly with academic performance. They also find that local students perform better than their overseas counterparts and that part-time students (who work serious time) exceed wide of the mark time students.Cheung and Kan (2002) contributed to the limited studies done exterior the Western context. They examined factors related to student performance in a distance learning business communications course in Hong Kong. Their results based on studying 168 students demonstrateed females outperformed males, and a positive correlation between previous academic achievement and related academic background and student performance (p261). A positive c orrelation was found between tutorial attendance and student performance and between previous learning experience and student performance. No relationship was found between semester course loads and student performance. The results argon consistent with prior Western studies.A welsh study by Gracia and Jenkins (2003) undertaken in the second and last(a) year levels of an accounting stop considered gender, prior year performance and students application to study and their relationship to student performance. Gracia and Jenkins fence that academic failure creates both stirred and financial costs for students, and that significant cultural differences may be attributed to academic success. This study found that if students atomic number 18 actively committed to self-responsibility for their studies, they tend to do well in formal assessment. They also found females outperform males in the second year and that there is a negative correlation between age and grades. learners who have work experience perform significantly better than students who go straight from the second to the final year. They argue that the work experience allows students to get their finances in order thereby reducing the need for them to earn money spell studying in the final year, thereby reducing financial and time instruction pressures.Vickers et al. (2003) while not specific to students that study accounting, examined the effects of part-time employment of students on their participation and rubbing in tertiary study in Australian universities. They report that the proportion of just-time students undertaking work has increased between 1990 and 2000 from 46% to 56%. They find that an inverse relationship between the number of face to face course hours and the drop out rate of tertiary students, with the more hours of classes the little the drop out rate.They also found that students working 20 or more hours per week ar more app atomic number 18nt to drop out of tertiary stu dy by clx 200% than those who work less than 20 hours. Vickers et al. also find that students receiving Youth Allowance are more likely to drop out of tertiary study than those who do not receive Youth Allowance, despite the fact that the majority of this group do not work part time. They also observe that the odds of dropping out of university decrease by 31-32% if a student is from the blueest socio-economic quartile as opposed to the lowest. Those who work between one and 20 hours per week are just as likely to continue in study as those who do not work at all during their studies. The Vickers et al. study is important because it signifies a change in the university experience not barely for students but also for academic staff who t from each one working students.Strong and Watts (2005) investigated factors affecting accounting student gladness at a small public university in New South Wales. They found improvements in the effective allocation of casual and dear time staff and the introduction and of common subject outlines go to improvements in student performance indicators of satisfaction. Consistent with this theme, Hutcheson and Tse (2006) explained student non-attendance in class as student satisfaction with the teaching performance and course delivery.Nonis and Hudson (2006) note that the Higher Education Research Institute at UCLAs Graduate School of Education has found that since 1987 the time students spend studying outside of class has declined each year, with simply 47% spending six or more hours per week studying outside of class compared with 34% in 2003. Nonis and Hudson (2006) identify a need for empirical research to determine the impact of student work on academic performance, and its impact on the design of academic programs. Their study found a lack of evidence for a direct relationship between times worn-out(a) working and academic performance.Sullaiman and Mohezar conducted a study at the University of Malaya in their MBA prog ram. They found conflicting evidence of the impact of work experience on student academic performance. They note studies by McClure, Wells and Bowerman (1986), Schellhardt (1988) and Dreher and Ryan (2000) finding a positive relationship between work experience and academic performance, but studies by Dreher and Ryan (2000, 2002 and 2004) Dugan et al. (2006) and Graham (2001) and Peiperl and Trevelyan (1997) found no relationship between students working and their grade point modal(a). Sullaiman and Mohezars study found that work experience is not related to MBA performance.Hutcheson and Tse (2006) at the University of Technology Sydney found that on average students who attended more than half of the tutorials obtained a higher final mark than students who did not, and that this was particularly so for international students. This begs further research as to why, when students wages high fees for classes, they do not attend. This paper identifies the need to investigate whether t he need to work is one come-at-able reason for this finding.De Zoysa and Rudkin (2007) undertook a pilot study examining the relationship between academic performance and student socio-economic circumstances, which did not find a direct significant relationship between the number of hours of paid employment and student academic performance in accounting. However, a significant positive relationship between shift workers and academic performance was found.James et al. (2007) undertook a non-discipline specific study encompassing a come of 18,954 Australian public university undergraduate and postgraduate students. They found 70.6 per cent of full-time undergraduates reported working during semester two, 2006, working on average 14.8 hours per week, with one in every six full time undergraduate student working more than 20 hours per week. For students enrolled in a part-time pattern, 41.8 per cent were working at least 38 hours per week, which effectively means full time employment . The study found many students worked significant hours merely to afford radical living necessities such as transport, books and study materials, with 39.9 per cent of full-time students and 54.1 per cent of part-time students believing their work adversely impacted upon their studies.The study of this paper contributes to the literature in that it uniquely examines differences between domestic and international accounting students in the Australian context of the impact of undertaking paid employment on their academic performance in a subject of an undergraduate accounting degree. This study makes two contributions to the accounting education literature. First, rather than a predominant focus on first year students, this study examines second and final year accounting students in a regional Australian context. It uniquely examines differences between domestic and international accounting student experiences.3. MethodSubjects of this study were drawn from School of accounting and Finance at the University of Wollongong, a regional Australian university. The accounting program is professionally accredited with both requisite professional accounting bodies, CPA Australia and the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Australia. The degree is a full time collar year program, with admission based on the standard University Admissions Index (UAI), or equivalent. Specific to these entry requirements, mathematics is not a compulsory entry requirement, though is recommended. There are no domestic undergraduate full fee paying students admitted to this degree. A prescribed program of study is required, with both compulsory accounting subjects using a necessary system, with opportunity for more liberal electives.This study undertook a vision of 170 third year students in their final compulsory financial accounting subject in 2006. The students were scruples about their academic experiences and socio-economic circumstances in the prior session, the Australian Sprin g Session 2005. To obtain a complete sample, students who failed their prerequisite subject in the prior session Spring 2005 were also surveyed to obtain a representative population. Academic performance for the purpose of this study is determined as the final grade in the second year financial accounting subject, ACCY201, studied in spring session 2005.The research was conducted by paper surveys give out in compulsory tutorial classes in the last week of session. Participation in the survey was optional. Both day time and evening tutorial classes were surveyed, to ensure a representative mix of both part time and full time patterns of study and work commitments.Of the 170 students surveyed, 101 (59%) of students are domestic students while 69 (41%) are international students. Those enrolled part time in the sample of 170 students are 34 (20%) while those enrolled full time are 136 (80%) of the sample. Of the domestic students, 45 (45%) are male and 56 (55%) are female. More domest ic students are enrolled full time than part time, with 69 (68%) being enrolled full time compared with 32 (32%) being enrolled part time. More males are enrolled part time than females, with 18 (56%) of males enrolled in a part time pattern compared with 14 (44%) of females in part time study. There are 27 (39%) of domestic males compared with 42 (61%) of domestic females enrolled in a full time study program.Australian government regulations require that international students be enrolled in a full time study pattern. The survey sample reflects this, with all but two of the 69 international students being enrolled full time. It is surmised that the two males enrolled in a part time pattern are completing remaining subjects needed to satisfy beginning requirements which would arise if subjects must be repeated. The pattern of male and female international students is analogous to that of domestic students in the sample, with there being 30 (43%) international male students compar ed with 39 (56%) international female students. These demographic enrolment patterns are illustrated in Table 1 Enrolment Pattern beneath, which describes the relationships of male and female, full time and part time, and domestic and international students. INSERT elude 1 ABOUT HERE4. Results and DiscussionFive aspects meeting to the relationship between student employment patterns and their academic performance will be discussed. First section 4.1 will discuss the relationship between the hours worked in paid employment by students and their academic performance. Secondly, section 4.2 examines the type of employment humor students undertake and its impact on academic performance. Thirdly the impact of the nature of the paid work done by students and its impact on academic performance is considered in section 4.3. Section 4.4 explores the impact of travel time between students places of employment, the university and their residences on academic performance. Section 4.5 docume nts student perceptions on the impact of their paid employment on their academic performance.The research in these aspects seeks to discover the employment commitments of both full time and part time accounting students, whether the nature of this is different between international and domestic students, and whether these factors impact positively or negatively on the academic performance of accounting students. For the purpose of the survey, those working 20 hours or less a week are regarded as part time workers, consistent with the Australian government working regulations of student visas for full time international students. This is also consistent with a survey undertaken by Vickers et al. (2003) which while not unique to accounting students, found that 20 hours per work of paid employment was a significant indicator with respect to student performance because students who worked above this amount were most likely to withdraw from university study.4.1 The relationship between h ours worked and academic performance. The survey gathered data on the employment patterns of the sample. Of the 170 respondents to the survey, clxv answered the examination of whether or not they were working in paid employment. Of this 165 sample size, 38 (23%) indicated that they were not in paid employment during the survey study period, while 127 (77%) indicated that they were in paid employment, either working full time or part time.The study seeks to compare the work patterns of students with their academic performance in accounting. Of the 165 students that answered in the affirmative to working while studying, subject results relevant to the period of their work was available for save 144 students. Therefore the sample size was reduced to 144 surveys. Academic performance was classified into three bands. The first band captured students achieving below 44 marks in a subject, indicating paltry performance and a fail grade. The second band captured students achieving between 45- 64 marks indicating a right performance in harm of achieving a pass conceded or pass grade only. The third band captured students achieving a final subject grade of 65 or better, indicating a good performance of a credit grade or better in a subject.The research reveals no significant relationship between the hours worked by a student and their academic performance in an accounting subject. 44 (31%) out of 144 students achieved poor academic performance. 49 (34%) achieved a satisfactory academic performance, while 51 (35%) achieved good academic performance. Of these students 31 (22%) did not work in paid employment, 71 (49%) worked between 1 and 20 hours per week, and 42 (29%) worked in paid employment 21 hours or more per week. This is illustrated in Table 2 Hours Worked and Student Performance, shown below. INSERT mesa 2 ABOUT HEREThe survey results were thence tested to determine if there was a different relationship between the number of hours per week spent in paid empl oyment and academic performance between domestic as compared to international students in an accounting subject. The results show the impact is different for each group. Acknowledging the limit of the small sample size of only four domestic students not working, the results show that domestic students who are working perform better academically than those who are not working.However, the finding for international students is the reverse. transnational students who are working perform less well academically than international students who do not work in paid employment. While possible reasons can be conjectured such they are working longer hours for lower rates, the determination of such factors is outside the scope of this paper. This is illustrated in Table 2.1 Hours Worked and Student Performance Domestic Students vs International Students as shown below. INSERT fudge 2.1 ABOUT HEREIn the table above, it is shown international students in the poor student performance band demon strate that as the number of hours of work increase, the does the percentage of poor performing students.When considering student paid employment in the range between one and twenty hours per week, there are different relationships unembellished between employment and academic performance for international and domestic students. There were 43 domestic students and 28 international students who indicated they worked between one and 20 hours per week. Of the international students who work between one and twenty hours of paid employment per week, 12 (43%) were in the poor performance band, 10 (36%) were in the satisfactory performance band and 6 (21%) were in the good performance band.This is compared with the domestic student trends for paid employment between one and twenty hours per week which showed only 9 (21%) of domestic students in the poor performance band, 8 or 19% fell into the satisfactory performance band, and 26 or 60% met the good performance class criteria. This demon strates that while part time employment between one and twenty hours a week is more consistent with better academic performance than not, the reverse is evident for international students. Those international accounting students who worked between one and twenty hours were more likely than not to demonstrate poor academic performance.This trend is more apparent in the band of hours worked per week being 21 hours and above. There were a total of 36 domestic students falling into this category, compared to only 6 international students. It is noted that under international student visa requirements, a maximum allowed paid employment is 20 hours per week. There were 6 international students who indicated they worked 21 hours and above, outside this legal requirement. Of these 6, 4 (67%) fell into the poor performance category of a fail grade between 0 and 44%.There was one international student in each of the other two categories. This again is a different trend to the domestic student experience. Generally domestic students working more than 21 hours per week in paid employment performed less well than similar students working only between 1 -20 hours. 10 (28%) of domestic students working 21 hours and above achieved a poor performance grade, while 18 (50%) achieved a satisfactory grade and 8 (22%) achieved a good academic grade.These results show that domestic accounting students who are working perform better than those who are not working. However, for international accounting students the opposite trend is evident. Specific explorations to the reasons for these opposing trends are outside the scope of this initial survey. However, further analysis of this finding is offered from research done by Rudkin and De Zoysa (2007) who undertook a study of the socio-economic conditions of accounting students at a regional university in Australia in a comparable period. They undertook a survey of student hourly pay rates. Their findings are given in Table 3 below. INSE RT TABLE 3 ABOUT HERERudkin and De Zoysa (2007) undertook a pilot affectionate account from 162 questionnaires from students in their second session in the second year of an undergraduate accounting degree at a regional Australian university. In this survey students were asked to indicate their average gross pay rate. Hourly rates varied from under $10 an hour to $21 per hour and above. This data was then further analyzed for the purposes of this paper, finding differences between the pay rates achieved between domestic and international accounting students, as shown in Table 3.1 below. INSERT TABLE 3.1 ABOUT HEREOf the students who are paid less than $10 per hour, 90% of these are international students. Rudkin and De Zoysa (2007, p.95) found that 18% of students in their study found were illegally underpaid while 20.7% indicated they tangle exploited in their employment. It is conjectured by the authors that international students are more vulnerable to illegal and exploitative work practices with lower pay rates, and so must work longer hours to achieve the income necessary to support their study. This is identified as an area for further research.4.2 Type of employment pattern and academic performance.This section examines the relationship between the type of employment mode the students are employed under and their academic achievement in an accounting subject. Three categories of employment of students were identified, permanent work, casual work or contract work. Although conditions and entitlements vary across industry of employment, the three categories are reflective of patterns of work conditions, and entitlements with respect to vacation, sickness and family leave, stiff hours, guaranteed income and hourly paid rates. The authors sham that students employed in permanent positions have access to paid leave, more economic certainty compared to students employed on a casual or contract basis, but they would also have less flexibleness in their emp loyment.Of the sample surveyed, 112 students gave valid responses to the question of the nature of their employment to the three options of permanent, casual or contract. 18 students (16) indicated they were in permanent employment. There were no international students employed in a permanent position. boilers suit 87 students (78%) stated they were employed under casual conditions. Of these 87 students 57 (66%) were domestic students and 30 (34%) were international students.A casual employment pattern is most predominant in the international student grouping, with only 57 out of a total of 79 (72%) domestic students who responded to the question indicating casual employment. This is in contrast with the international student cohort, where 30 out of 33 (91%) were employed on a casual basis. The number of students employed on the basis of a contract were minimal, with only 7 (6%) of students working in this form of employment. These results and their relationship to student academic performance are summarized in Table 4 below. INSERT TABLE 4 ABOUT HEREThe chi-square test found no significant relationship between the mode of employment and student academic performance in an undergraduate accounting subject. However, it can be observed that students employed as a permanent worker performed better (22% poor performance compared to a combined 78% for satisfactory and good performance) compared to students employed as a casual worker (31% achieving a poor performance band) and as a contract worker (57% achieved a poor performance band). However, any comparison between domestic and international students of this data is not meaningful due to the small numbers in each category.4.3 constitution of work patterns and performanceThe authors investigated whether regardless of the mode of employment, the nature of the work patterns that student employment required may impact on their academic performance. It was assumed that students who worked shift work did not have a unchangeable work and study pattern preventing or hindering their participation in classes and class preparations.That is, students working maverick shift work times and hours would experience different attendance and study patterns and opportunities compared with those students who worked set hours at level(p) times. Students were asked to nominate whether their regular work pattern was changing shift work to a roster, or regular hours. 87 valid responses were received to this question. 58 students (67%) indicated that they worked changing shift work compared with 29 (33%) who indicated they worked regular hours. The results of this question are shown below in Table 5. INSERT TABLE 5 ABOUT HEREAn unexpected significant positive relationship was found between students who work changing shift work academic performance. Only 12 (21%) of student working changing shift work compared to 21 (72%) of those working regular hours were classified in the poor student performance band. 80% o f students in the changing shift category achieved satisfactory or good academic results while only 27% of students with regular working hours achieved similar results.There were similar results observed between domestic and international students in this respect, with 69% of domestic students and 61% of international students working changing shift work hours. Only 14% of domestic students doing shift work achieved poor results, while 60% of students working regular hours achieved poor results. All of the 9 international students doing regular hours failed the subject. These relationships are expound in tables 5.1 and 5.2 below. Table 5.1 gives a comparison between domestic and international students work patterns, and Table 5.2 below shows the relationship between both domestic students and international students work patterns and their academic performance.INSERT TABLE 5.1 ABOUT HEREINSERT TABLE 5.2 ABOUT HEREReasons for the favourable relationship between shift work and academi c performance have not been sought in this study, but are identified as an area for further research. Conjecture as to the reasons include greater flexibility for students working shift work to arrange their rosters around their university class and designation commitments, and the possibility that jobs requiring night shift work such as garage attendants require a front line but only ad hoc activity and so allow time on the job to be spent studying and completing class work.4.4 Travelling time and performance.The location of the university of this study is an Australian university located approximately 80 kilometres south of Sydney in the state of New South Wales. It is a regional university that includes the southerly parts of Sydney in its catchment area. Many students travel by public transport being rail from Sydney and a limited local bus service. The travel time from Sydney to Wollongong is approximately 1 hours journey one way. Students residing or working in Sydney face a daily three hour transport commitment.Such a journey is not uncommon as the regional area has a high local unemployment rate and many students seek paid employment outside the region in Sydney. It is the assumption of the authors that time spent by students travelling detracts from their academic performance both because of the fatigue factor of travelling distances, and because travelling time is time not available for academic pursuits. Students were asked to indicate on average how long did a typical journey take you to travel to the university. A heavyset of the results to this question is given in Table 6 below. INSERT TABLE 6 ABOUT HEREIt is observed that 46% of students surveyed are spending more than one hour travelling each way when they attend the university. It was assumed by the authors that time spent travelling has a cost to the students both in time available at the University for study and financially in terms of the cost of how many days they attend the universit y. It was assumed that if students are working, the time spent travelling in addition to the hours they spend in paid employment has a combined impact on their handiness to participate in academic tasks.The relationship between time spent travelling and student performance was measured. No significant relationship was found between travelling time and academic performance of students who are not working. However, there is a significant relationship between academic performance and travelling time with students who are working. It was found that students who spend less time travelling perform better academically than students who spend more time travelling to university. This results are described in Table 6.1 below. INSERT TABLE 6.1 ABOUT HEREStudent perception on the impact of work on studies.The authors were interested in observing the perceptions of students of the impact of their paid employment on their academic studies. Students were asked whether my exam and / or assessment marks would have been better if I had not been working. Out of 124 valid responses from students who are working to this question, 51 (41.1%) answered in the affirmative, while 73 (58.9%) answered in the negative. That is, 41% of the students surveyed thought that their work interfered with their studies.Students who indicated they were in paid employment were also asked the question whether or not they missed classes because of their work. 110 valid responses were received to this question. 42% indicated that they always missed classes because of their work commitments, while 11% indicated that most of the time classes were missed because of work commitments. While the findings suggest that there is no significant relationship between the amount of paid employment per week that students undertake and their academic performance, it does suggest that these students are deprived of a full academic experience in terms of full engagement with the campus community, networking opportuniti es and similar. The responses of students who admitted lacking(p) classes because of paid employment are shown below in Table 7. INSERT TABLE 7 ABOUT HERE separate reasons for missing classes given for students were that they were not prepared for class, because they lacked motivation, because they did not find the classes useful, because they had other illness or family or personal reasons, and because they had work commitments to complete in other subjects. The rankings of these reasons are given in table 7.1 below. INSERT TABLE 7.1 ABOUT HERE5. Summary and ConclusionsThis study examines the relationship between employment and the study of accounting students in Australia. presumptuousness the high incidence of paid employment in the accounting student population and its impacts on academic performance, this study has ramifications for the nature of accounting program delivery in the Australian context in terms of times classes are offered and flexibility in delivery modes, and the quality of the university education experience with which students can engage.Limitations of this study include use of self reporting by students, a small sample size. In addition, findings pertain to a regional university in the Australian context. While many tertiary institutions in Australia are regional in nature given the geographic and demographic characteristics of the country, this experience may be different and not generalisable to metropolitan institutions in Australia and outside the Australian context. Further testing at other institutions would contribute to the knowledge of the relationship between paid employment and academic performance for accounting students.This study makes four findings. First, this investigation did not find a direct significant relationship between the hours students worked in paid employment and their academic performance in an accounting subject. However, contradictory results did emerge with respect to differences between domestic stude nts and international students in a cohort.Secondly, while there was a positive relationship between paid employment and academic performance in relation to domestic students, there was a negative relationship between paid employment and academic performance for international students. Thirdly, with respect to international students, although a statistically significant relationship was not found, it seems that the academic performance of international students not working is better than that of working international students. Fourthly, a significant positive relationship between shift workers and academic performance was revealed that offers no perspicuous explanation and is identified as an area needing further research.With respect to the quality of university education experience of accounting students, there are indicators that accounting students may not be optimally engaging in a full university experience because of work pressures. There were 9% of students are found to be working fulltime and studying full time simultaneously. The fact that many choose to miss classes for work commitments does not afford them the opportunities associated with campus life including generic skill development of a social nature, networking with their future professional peers, and engagement with the benefits of cultural win over with an international student body.Given that Vickers et al. (2003) found if students work more than 20 hours per week they are 160%-200% more likely to drop out of university, this has implications for attrition rates in accounting courses also. The authors contest that there is a need to explore further to understand the positive and negative impacts of paid employment on academic performance, and why differences exist between domestic and international students. This will aid in meeting the demand for good Australian accounting graduates.ReferencesAustralian Government Department of Immigration and Multicultural personal matters (2006) Ski lled Occupation List, Sydney and Selected Areas Skill Shortage List, and Employer Nomination Scheme Occupation List, tribe Government Printer. Birrell, B., and Rapson, V. (2005) Migration and the accounting Profession in Australia, Report prepared for APZ Australia, Centre for Population and Urban Research , Monash University, Victoria. Booth, P., Luckett, P. and Mladenovic, R. (1999) The quality of learning in accounting education the impact of approaches to learning on academic performance, account Educational, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp277-300. Cheung, L. and Kan, A. (2002) Evaluation of Factors Related to Student Performance in a Distance-Learning crinkle Communication Course, diary of Education for Business, Vol. 77, No. 5, pp.257-263. De Zoysa, A., and Rudkin, K. (2007) Australian Employment Patterns and Course Participation Preferences of Accounting Students International check out of Business Research Papers, Vol.3, No.1, March 2007, pp.23-36. Dobson, I. and Sharma, S. (1999) St udent performance and the cost of failure Tertiary Education and Management, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp141-157. Gracia, L. and Jenkins, E. (2003) A quantitative exploration of student performance on an undergraduate accounting programmeof study, Accounting Education, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp15-32. Gull, F. and Fong, S. (1993) Predicting success for introductory accounting students some further Hong Kong evidence Accounting Education an international journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp33-42. Hutcheson, T. and Tse, H. (2006) Tutorial attendance and Grade Achievement Working Paper No. 145, University of Technology, Sydney, March. Koh, M. Y. and Koh H.C. (1999) The determinants of performance in an accountancy degree programme Accounting Education, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp13-29. James, R., Cexley, E., Devlin, M. and Marginson, S. (2007) Australian University Student Finances 2006 A summary of findings from a national survey of students in public universities, Centre for the Study of Higher Education, The University o f Melbourne, Australian infirmity Chancellors Committee. Nonis, S. and Hudson, G. (2006), Academic performance of college students influence of time spent studying and working Journal of Education for Business, Vol. 81, No. 3, Jan-Feb, pp151-160. Robert Half International The Global War for Talent and its Effect on the Finance and Accounting Teams in Australia White Paper, 6 April 2005. Rudkin, K. and De Zoysa, A. (2007) Educating with Social Justice Public Interest vs Private Benefit International Review of Business Research Papers, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2007, pp.87-99. Strong, T. and Watts, T. (2005) Improving Teaching Performance Outcomes by Improving Student Satisfaction A case study of a small accounting program School of Accounting and Finance Seminar Series, University of Wollongong. Sullaiman, A. and Mohezar, S. (2006) Student Success Factors Identifying Key Predictors, Journal of Education for Business, Vol. 81 July/August, pp328-333. Vickers, M., Lamb, S. and Hinkley, J. ( 2003) Student workers in high school and beyond the effects of part-time employment on participation in education, training and work. longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth a research program by the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) and the Commonwealth Department of Education, Science and Training (DEST). Camberwell Victoria, Australia. Wijewardena, H. and Rudkin, K. (1999) An Empirical Investigation of Some Factors Affecting Student Performance in Introductory Accounting The International Journal of Accounting and Business Society, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp39-53. Wooten, T. (1998) Factors Influencing Student Learning in Introductory Accounting Classes A Comparison of Traditional and Nontraditional Students Issues in AccountingEducation, Vol. 13, No. 2 May, pp357-373.

Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground Essay Example for Free

Dostoevskys Notes from resistor analyzeFyodor Dostoevsky is one of the most influential authors in world literature. This Russian author had written several unpar in alleled novels including Crime and Punish custodyt, The Idiot and Brothers Karamazov. However, before the aforementioned novels were published, Dostoevsky had already gained critical acclaim and recognition for his work authorize Notes from impedance. This novel explores how the exemption of public is undermined by the atmosphere of intellectuality that dominated the 17th and 18th centuries. by the novels garter, the secret gentle patch, Dostoevsky illustrates how real independence is objet dartifested in the defiance of movement. The period called the Enlightenment occurred end-to-end the 17th and 18th centuries (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). During this age, think g overned over every endeavor, and was valued above everything else. The period left no room for superstition or foolishness ration alness reigned supreme (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). former was the means in which man and society butt joint develop for the better.European thought was dominated by materialism, liberalism and more importantly, utopianism (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). All of these movements were establish on the thought that authorable and earthy-law theories could establish a perfect society (Emerson, 1992). Perfection was lonesome(prenominal) attainable through with(predicate) with(predicate) the application of agreement and the manifestation of enlightened self-interest (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). The prevalence of reason strongly influenced and godlike Dostoevsky to write Notes from Underground (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ).However, the novel did non convey a message agreeable to the intellectual environs instead, it served to criticize its very existence. Notes from Underground is tangiblely a response to another text, entitled What Is to be make? (Marder, Mey er, Wyshak, n. d. Madden, n. d. ). It was written by N. G. Chernyshevsky and was published in 1863. Chernyshevsky was an advocate of rational egoism, a movement which fervently believed that nonpargonil of life could be achieved through rationality and enlightenment (Madden, n. d. ). The rational egoists also upheld principles of natural law (Madden, n.d. ). Dostoevsky disagreed with the belief that rationality and enlightenment were the keys to perfection. He strongly believed that the nature of man was beyond those two elements. He acknowledge mans capacity for both the rational and the foolish he even upheld that the irrationality of man was more definite, spot the rationality was merely added (Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). Moreover, Dostoevsky was convinced that laws of nature or the principles of reason were not heart-to-heart of recognizing human individuality, personality, and more importantly, free allow (Madden, n. d. ).These beliefs atomic number 18 embedded in the novel, a text which Rozanov considers a critique of reason as a means to perfection (as cited in Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). The novel, in the words of Wasiolek, showed how man can be both rational and irrational, as his actions are the result of the suffice of his take emancipation (as cited in Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). Hence, the theme of freedom in the novel is the utmost disregard for reason and natural laws. The protagonist of the novel is the Underground objet dart, a forty year old man who apply to work in civil service (Dostoevsky, 1992).For a protagonist, he is considered an anti-hero (Madden, n. d. ). He is also the antithesis of the time in which he lived he disagreed with utilitarianism, which prevailed during the 19th century. Utilitarianism was characterized by utilizing mathematical formulas and logical proofs to equate ones wants with his exceed interests (Madden, n. d. ). The Underground gentlemans gentleman disagrees with this he attests that man wants to exercise his freedom and could do so regardless if it agrees with his exceed interests or not. If it is mans desire to act irrational, he could. Of course, acting irrational is not in anyones best interest.However, by being irrational, he was truly able to exercise his freedom. Actions based on desires, instead of reason, modify man to be free. Freedom is thus associated with acting with tabu reason. So in an era where reason dominated, the Underground spell was rather unreasonable. By being unreasonable, he was able to be truly free. In the novel, the Underground composition asserts that science deprives one of freedom. Dostoevsky (1992) writes, Science has managed by now to anatomize man to such a degree that we already know that all your respecting, your so-called free leave is nothing (p.29). The Underground Man so begins his attack on utilitarianism If someday they should really discover the formula for all our whims and wishesI mean, what causes them, what laws theyre governed by, how they develop and where they lead in one case or anotherin other words, an actual mathematical formulawhy, then man volition perhaps immediately stop wishingWho wants to wish consort to graphs (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 29)? Whims and wishes in this quotation refers to the desires of man. The principles of utilitarianism are marked by analysis of peoples desires.These desires permit scrutiny, as to determine if these desires agree with what is best for the people. However, the act of wishing does not involve analysis or scrutiny. One can desire something for no apparent reason. One may wish for something that may conjure harmful in the long run. The exercise of freedom is spontaneous and non-regulated. If one has to base his or her desires from the graphs or formulas of science and math, they would no longer fall under the exercise of freedom. If one is to desire based on the graphs or formulas, it would not be an act of freedom any more.This is because t here is imposition involved the desires are imposed upon by the requirements of science or math. In this situation, the desires of man are dictated by the principles of reason. Thus, freedom disappears upon the use of reason. In the words of the Underground Man, For if desires are one day brought into complete accord with reason, then we shall reason instead of wishing (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 30). The Underground Man continues his argument against utilitarianism by differentiating reason and desires. He statesYou see, gentlemen, reason is unquestionably a fine thing, but reason is no more than reason, and it gives fulfillment only to a mans reasoning capacity, while desires are a manifestation of the whole of lifeI mean the whole of human life, both with its reason and with all its itches and scratches (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 31). In this quotation, the Underground Man affirms that while reason is important, it is not the most important thing. The desires of man, through which freedom c an be exercised, have a much wider scope than reason. Therefore, the desires of man cannot be reduced to graphs and tables because it transcends them.The Underground Man uses the piano key as a symbol of how reason curbs mans freedom He will insist on clinging precisely to his own fantastic dreams, his most vulgar folly, solely in order to confirm himself that men are still men, and not piano keys, which may be played by the hands of natural laws themselves, but which are threatened by this very playing to be brought to a state where it will no longer be possible to wish a thing outside of graphs and schedules (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 34). Piano keys are pressed to make a sound in the process of playing the piano.These keys cannot produce sound on their own they need to be touched and pressed. The analogy between the man and the piano key is what Dostoevsky used to illustrate his point. By measuring mans desires with the graphs and formulas to determine whether or not it is in their be st interests, man becomes a piano key. This is because man comes under the mercy of reason which plays him. To be manipulated by reason is to be bound by its laws therefore, it is not freedom. The Underground Man believes that humankind values freedom over reason and best interests (Madden, n. d. ).Freedom means acting out of ones desires or wishes whether or not the act spoken of is irrational or foolish. In the book, the Underground Man manifests his freedom through several examples. He had swearted acts contrary to reason, making him a truly free individual. Hence, the Underground Man was successful in escaping the realm of reason he despises. The book starts with the Underground Mans access of a disoblige. He says, I think that my liver hurts (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 1). Anyone who experiences pain will surely resort to measures to debar that pain. This is because pain is suffering, and nobody wants to suffer.In the instance that pain is felt, it is only reasonable that one see ks medical financial aid by visiting a doctor. On the contrary, the Underground Man says, No, sir, I refuse to see a doctor out of spite (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 1). This decision is obviously irrational, because he does not want to see a doctor to deal with the pain. In addition, he does not have a valid reason not to go to the doctor. One would presume that he simply takes pleasure in his own pain. A rational man would find this decision as preposterous, as no one ever enjoyed suffering from pain (Madden, n. d.). However, what appears to be a manifestation of masochistic tendencies is actually the Underground Mans exercise of freedom. Reason dictates that when one feels pain, that person should visit the doctor. As was earlier discussed, the Underground Man believes that reason limits freedom, because it only acknowledges the desires that would be in ones best interests. The tolerance of pain and the derivation of pleasure from it is the Underground Mans way of breaking free from re ason. Surely, it is a foolish thing to do, but he does not want to conform to the dictates of reason.He values his freedom, so he refuses to act according to reason. He is a free man he could do as he pleased. Even if it is contrary to his best interests in prolonging such agony, he still does it because he wished to do so. By tolerating pain and deriving pleasure from it, he successful avoids the system of reason. According to the Underground Man, I know better than anyone else that I will only harm myself by this, and no one else. And yet, if I dont seek a cure, it is out of spite. My liver hurts? Good, let it hurt still more (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 2)The Underground Man proceeds with his painful endeavor, this time with a odontalgia. The fourth chapter of the book opens with his laughter Ha-ha-ha You will find pleasure in a as well asthache next And why not? There is pleasure in a toothache ache too (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 14). Just like with the liver ache, the Underground Man all ows himself to feel the pain of his tooth instead of seeing a dentist. He welcomes the pain, and refuses to seek treatment. A critic of the novel, Mikhaylovsky declares that the Underground Man tortures because he wants to, he likes torture.There is uncomplete reason nor purpose here, and, in the opinion of Dostoevksy, they are not at all necessary, for absolute scratchiness is interesting (as cited in Marder, Meyer, Wyshak, n. d. ). Indeed, this is true. The Underground Man does not subject himself to pain for a reason. In fact, he does so to do away with reason. He refrains from seeking medical treatment because he wants to. By indulge in his desire, he exercises complete freedom. Aside from the aforementioned tolerance of pains, the Underground Man had exercised his freedom through irrationality in other ways. He statesI would feel a certain hidden, morbid, nasty picayune pleasure in the acute awareness that I had once again committed something repelling that day, that what had been through could no longer be undone and I would gnaw and gnaw at myself in subdueuntil the bitterness would finally begin to turn into a kind of shameful, damnable sweetness (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 7). In this excerpt, the Underground Man expresses how he had realized his evil ways by contemplating what he had done. However, instead of wallowing in guilt, the acknowledgement ends up being a source of pleasure. How did the Underground Man manifest his freedom through this?The purveyors of rationality would insist that those who know what is in their best interests would not resort to baseness or frivolity. The Underground Man was aware of vileness of his actions in a way, he was aware it was not in his best interests. However, he did not feel a sense of guilt. The realization of his action that started with bitterness eventually became that of sweetness. He knew what he had done was bad, but this does not change the fact that he derived pleasure from it. His reaction to such vile deeds set him apart from what reason dictates as proper.Because he did not follow the dictates of reason, he had exercised his own freedom through defiance. Reason makes one feel burdened when one commits a nasty or vile action. It supposes that rational ways should be observed, and a nasty or vile action is neer rational. He sights an example when one is forced to apologize for a nasty deed. The Underground Man says Generally, I could never endure saying, Forgive me, Papa, I wont do it againand not because I was incapable of saying it, but, on the contrary, perhaps precisely because I was all too capable of it.And how I did it (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 16) In this passage, the Underground Man expressed disagreement with repentance. He believes that one should not apologize for doing something. He finds apologies as deceiving the claim to never do an act considered vile again seems insincere. In our freedom, we are all capable of doing these acts. Regardless if they are rational o r irrational, we all have the capacity to act according to our own free will. The claim I wont do it again is quite fraudulent, as it is quite understood that anyone can do anything, according to their free will.Thus, it is possible for one to exercise freedom and desire something which is not in ones best interest. According to the Underground Man And what if his utility on a given occasion not only may, but must, lie exactly in choosing for himself the harmful rather than the advantageous? And if this is so, if there can be such an occasion, then the entire overshadow is shattered to smithereens (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 22). The rule spoken of here is the belief that man would choose what is in his best interests. Again, the exercise of freedom lies in choosing or desiring something regardless of their nature.In the above quotation, the Underground Man affirms that there will be instances wherein man will choose what is harmful, instead of what is useful, to him. The moment such si tuation arises, the principle of reason will be disproved. The Underground Man does not believe in the principle that man will act according to what is in his best interests. Neither does he believe that mans desires can be reduced to graphs of science nor formulas of mathematics. The concept of freedom for the Underground Man is that which is contrary to the dictates of reason.He does not acknowledge that man will commit acts that are in tune with his best interests. This would be a violation of his freedom, as the freedom presupposes ones capacity for both the rational and the irrational. If one chooses to commit an irrational act, he is merely exercising his freedom. Did the Underground Man succeed in escaping the realm of reason he so despised? The answer is yes. His tolerance of pain and derivation of pleasure from suffering were take aim defiance to reason. He had rendered himself completely liberated from the atmosphere of rationality.He did and thought as he pleased, whethe r or not it was in his best interests. Indeed, he had escaped, and is completely free. REFERENCES Dostoevsky, F. (1992). Notes from Underground (M. Ginsburg, Trans. ). New York Bantam. (Original work published in 1864). Madden, C. (n. d. ). SparkNote on Notes from Underground. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http//www. sparknotes. com/lit/underground/ Marder, J. , Meyer, M. , Wyshak, F. (n. d. ). Dostoevskys Notes from Underground Study Guide. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http//community. middlebury. edu/beyer/courses/previous/ru351/novels/UGMan/ugman. hypertext mark-up language