Psychology of Human and Criminal Behaviour

psychological science of Human and Criminal BehaviourSandy Hook Elementary School had 456 children enrolled into Kindergarten through with(predicate) to fourth grade. Newtown is determined in Fairfield County, Connecticut, intimately 60 miles outside New York City. In the town iniquity was r ar with practiced 28,000 residents. Just one homicide had happened in the town in the ten years prior to the naturalize shootings. 20 year old Adam Lanza was carrying a stash of hundreds of rounds of ammo. When he heard police approaching the schoolroom where he gunned down helpless children he shot himself in the head. 20 children aged 6 or 7 and 6 adults were shot on the day with a high power rifle. The Gunman, Adam was express to be bright but awkward student with no close friends. In high school he was involved with a technology group, where the club operateer said he had some disabilities and seemed non to olfactory property pain wish the new(prenominal) members. He required sp ecial supervision when using tools for things like soldering and occasionally had episodes in which he seemed to withdraw completely from his surroundings. Lanza had never been involved with or had a savage history before.Psychological Theories focus on how characteristics of the individual lead to deplorable deportment. Sigmund Freud who fa in that locationd psychoanalytic possibility is discussed in some detailed because many key concepts in this theory argon utilized by current sociological and psychological theories of criminal offending. Freud believed that one can understand human deportment exceed by examining early childhood experiences. These experiences, traumatic or not can intensely affect behaviour without the individual being consciously aw atomic number 18 of their impact. Additionally, all humans have criminal trends. Theses tendencies are restrained, however, through the process of socialisation. A child that is unsuitably socialised could therefore develop a personality commotion that causes him or her to direct antisocial desires either inwards or outward. Those who direct them inward be stick with psychoneurotic while those that direct them outwards become criminal. An application could be where is a m opposite is forced to spiel during her childs younger years the emotional bond could be broken, leading to stunted social development, which could then lead to abhorrence. It is the psychoanalytic belief that we are all narcissists at an early stage of our lives. As infants and toddlers we all feel that we are the centre of the universe, the most important, omnipotent and wise beings. At that phase of our development, our parents are perceived by us to be mythical figures, immortal and awesomely powerful, there solely to cater to our needs, to protect and nourish us.A second major theory of criminal behaviour is social Learning Theory is based on the principles of which hypothesizes that a persons behaviour is learned and maintain ed by its concerns or rewards. Individuals then learn deviant and criminal behaviour but observing other people and witnessing the rewards or consequences that their behaviour receives. According to this theory, if this is how different behaviour is established, then taking away the reward value of the behaviour can eliminate deviant behaviour. Social learning theory stemmed out of work by N.E. Miller and J. Dollard in 1941. Their plan suggests that if humans were inspired to study a partiallyicular behaviour that particular behaviour would be learned through clear observations. By copying these observed actions the individual observer would square off that learned action and would be rewarded with positive reinforcement. The plan of social learning was expanded upon and theorized by Albert Bandura from 1962 to the present. The advantages of this theory are it deals with the learning of interlocking forms of behaviour holistically rather than as a process of slow condition and fu rthermore stresses the processes in the encyclopedism of behaviour. On the other hand it has a weak ability to explain under circumstances criminal behaviour exit or will not be learnt mean that it has limited explanatory power. For example, an individual who observes a friend shoplifting an item and not getting caught sees that the friend is not being punish for their actions and they are rewarded by getting to keep the item he or she stole. That individual might be more likely to shoplift, then, if they believe he or she will be rewarded with the same outcome. Although it may be suggested by some within the social order that social learning theory can be used as a tool to blame television, movies or video games on the violent acts that are committed by youth, those applying the theory fail to see the complete cycle of stock-stillts that lead to school shootings. Furthermore, it moldiness(prenominal) be understood that this cycle of events that are discussed in social learning theory materialise all over an extended period of time, building to the moment of action. Therefore, social learning theory has the ability of not still identifying children that have been negatively impacted by their environment, but also using the information known regarding what affects children negatively to change their lives before violence occurs.Some say a casual aspect of crime could be Genes, and genetic factor that can influence people to commit crime. In the case of murder if the humans of a violent gene can be proved, and there are members of society who if provoked will be unable to chair their successive actions, even if those actions amount to murder, then genetics absolutely must be considered in the law courts. The come throughence of such a gene appears to suggest that there exist people who inherently bad. However if we are allow people middlingifying circumstances receivable to their genetic makeup, then we are creating yet another excuse. There may be g enes that make us more indefensible to such traits, but we are ultimately responsible for our own actions. Also the association between unemployment and crime is still unsettled combined crime rates and collective unemployment rate seen weakly related. In other words, crime rates sometimes rise during periods of economical wealth and fall during periods of economic decline. Unemployment threatens households, and unstable families are the ones most likely to produce children who put a premium on violence and aggression as a means of dealing with limited opportunity. This lack of opportunity perpetuates high(prenominal) crime rates, especially when banging groups or partners of people of the same age compete for relatively limited resources. The shooter Adam even though unemployment didnt have a major influence still had no independent job or schooling.History has shown that there is a link between pauperism and crime however that nature of the kind can be difficult to define. I n addition to higher crime rates, higher unemployment and lower wages, higher poverty neighbourhoods have weaker access to health care and education, increased stress levels and rates of mental illness. many another(prenominal) of these factors also appear to contribute to a higher crime rate. One of the intellectuals people find themselves in poverty is how little education they have which then leads them to an inability to secure a decent pay job. It has also been said that people with higher incomes are less likely to commit a crime due to the economic cost of going to prison. For example someone earning 50,000 a year will dumb raise more loss by going to prison than an individual who has little to no income. The study make on Inequality and Violent Crime published by journal of law and economics in 2002 found a great correlation between inequality and crime. This shows that to be especially strong at times of poor economic growth. If jobs are available and the economic situ ation of individual is improving, even if they are still poor, there does not appear to be as much crime as there would be in a situation where the economy is in decline, jobs are being lost and the economic situation of the poor worsening. Criminal behaviour in youths is often the result of on-going physical and emotional changes that occur in the course of gaining independence from parents and developing an identity within the peer group. People are just as likely to commit violent behaviour because of verbal coercion from friends as they are due to their own private desire to gain acceptance from within a peer group. In higher crime neighbourhoods the chances of a child escaping the peer pressure that leads to crime and violence is a rarity. The main reason people will commit crime despite knowing that it is wrong is due in part to distortions often overvalue the reward aspect of peer acceptance. Many people have long debates whether poverty itself is a cause of crime or whether poverty and crime are both caused by other factors such as low education, bad work habits, substance abuse, family breakdowns and fatherlessness and other social pathologies. Even though the struggle to answer why these things happen fairly. Early reports do indicate that Lanzas mental health deteriorated promptly following the departure of his father which may have then put this mother into a steadfastly position.In conclusion the impact of this crime had a major impact to the victims and to society. The major debate that has been set off because of the Newtown shootings is gun laws in America. The percentage of Americans favouring though gun regulations rose significantly. A poll found that 50% of those surveyed subsequently the shootings agreed that gun ownership should have stronger regulation. The massacre has led to President Barack Obama and come congressional leaders to reconsider what has been a largely hands off approach to gun control in recent years and sometime much change to prevent such tragedies happening again. The victims and their families would requisite to enforce stricter rules and safety procedure each classroom teachers should have emergency plans.AppendixOn Dec. 14, 2012, a gunman killed 26 people, including 20 children between the ages of 6 and 7, at an elementary school in Newtown, Conn., about 65 miles northeast of New York City. The gunman, Adam Lanza, 20, killed himself inside the Sandy Hook Elementary School. The day after the shootings, officials said that Mr. Lanza forced his way into the school, apparently defeating an intercom system that was meant to keep people out. The killing pander had begun earlier at the house where Mr. Lanza had lived with his mother, Nancy Lanza, who was a gun enthusiast. There, he shot her in the face, making her his startle victim. One of her guns was apparently used to take her life, authorities said. Then, leaving her dead after taking threesome guns that belonged to her, he climbed into h er car for the short drive to the school. Two of the guns were semiautomatic pistols the other was a semiautomatic rifle. in one case Mr. Lanza had forced his way in, wearing combat gear, the massacre unfolded with chilling speed, as he opened notify in one classroom and then another. This Massacre is the second deadliest school shooting in US history and one of the deadliest mass shootings around the world. A gunman a Virginia Tech University killed 33, including himself in 2007. only(prenominal) Virginia tech and the mass killings of 77 in Norway last year had greater death tolls across the world over the past 20 years.